1990-2018年黄河流域(河南段)土地利用格局时空演变

研究长时间序列的土地利用时空演变规律，对科学推进黄河流域生态保护和社会经济高质量发展具有重要意义。该研究基于1990、2000、2010和2018年土地利用遥感数据，以具有中游和下游双重属性的黄河流域（河南段）为研究对象，利用土地利用变化指数、弦图（Chord Diagram）可视化模型及重心迁移模型，探讨了近30年黄河流域（河南段）土地覆被变化的流量、流向、多样性程度及政策启示。结果表明：1）粮食保障用地（约55%）和生产生活用地（约10%）主要分布在平原地带，生态保育用地（约35%）主要集中在海拔较高的山地。2）1990－2018年间旱地的流出和流入行为均体现出显著的主导性，水田、水域和草地以流出行为为主导，城镇用地、农村居民点和其他建设用地以流入行为为主导。3）中心城市的土地利用变化在整个时期内具有明显的区域带动效应。4）粮食保障用地和生态保育用地的重心均向西迁移且面积呈减少趋势，说明下游平原地带的优质耕地减少且生态系统服务功能在逐步减弱；生产生活用地面积逐年增加，城镇用地重心向东迁移表明下游各城镇的社会经济发展逐渐活跃，农村居民点和其他建设用地重心向西迁移表明中游的人口规模逐渐增大。     

Identification and Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DJ1990 on Tail and Fin Rot Disease in Spotted Snakehead

Tail and fin rot disease (TFRD) is a big issue in the production of spotted snakehead, Channa punctata Bloch. The aims of the present study were to isolate and identify the bacterial pathogen causing TFRD, to detect histopathological changes in tissues (fin, tail, liver, and kidney), and to ascertain the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolate. Out of six bacterial isolates, only the isolate DJ1990 was found to be the causal candidate of TFRD in C. punctata. Identical histopathological changes were detected in tail, fin, liver, and kidney under light and scanning electron microscope in both collected diseased fish and artificially infected fish. The isolate was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain DJ1990 (National Center for Biotechnology Information Ace. No. KX709967) based on the biochemical characterization tests and 16S rDNA sequence‐based phylogeny analysis. Artificial challenge test demonstrated that the strain DJ1990 was highly virulent (100% mortality at 48 h of postinjection period at the concentration of 1.5 × 10⁷ CFU/g of body weight) for C. punctata. The isolate exhibited sensitivity to the broad‐spectrum antibiotics but was resistant against aztreonum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. aeruginosa as a TFRD‐causing candidate in C. punctata.     

水泥固化砒砂岩强度与孔隙结构演变的灰熵关联分析

为了研究水泥固化砒砂岩孔隙结构生长发育的演变规律以及其对抗压强度的影响，通过孔隙特征参数和孔隙半径预测抗压强度，对不同养护龄期下不同掺量的水泥固化砒砂岩宏观力学性能和微观结构进行测试和分析，采用灰关联熵探讨了水泥固化砒砂岩的孔隙特征参数和孔隙半径对强度的关联程度，并建立孔隙结构与抗压强度的灰色预测模型。结果表明，水泥固化砒砂岩的横向弛豫时间T2谱均呈现"双峰"结构，其孔隙度与束缚流体指数整体上呈负相关，0～0.1 μm范围内的孔隙尺寸占比随水泥掺量的增加先增大后减小，最可几孔径随龄期的增加向小孔径方向移动；水化胶凝产物钙矾石（AFt）和水化硅酸钙（C-S-H）通过膨胀填充和胶结作用改善了试样内部的孔隙结构，致使强度提高；束缚流体指数和0～0.1 μm孔隙半径占比对抗压强度的影响最显著，灰色预测模型GM（1，3）预测精度高，预测值和试验值的平均相对误差为6.97%。该研究可为松散砒砂岩的改良与固化在实际工程中应用提供参考依据。     

温室双集热管多曲面槽式空气集热器模型构建与应用

为定量分析并预测复杂多变的室外工况对双集热管多曲面槽式空气集热器热工性能的影响,该研究针对双集热管多曲面槽式空气集热器结构及光学性能,结合能量守恒理论分析其传热过程,采用有限元及集总参数法建立其数学模型,并通过搭建双管集热器热性能测试平台和北京地区实际温室系统验证其有效性。结果表明:无论双管集热器反射槽体外是否贴附保温层,其数学模型的平均绝对误差为±0.9℃,平均相对误差为3.7%,误差分析指数IA(Indexof Agreement)可达0.994;对于北京地区实际工程中的16 m双集热管多曲面槽式空气集热器串联集热系统,其数学模型能够较为准确的给出不同室外工况及不同串联长度的集热系统出口空气温度,其平均绝对误差为±(1.3～2.7)℃,平均相对误差为5.4%～7.0%,误差分析指数IA为0.988～0.994。该模型为指导太阳能空气集热器在日光温室中的最优配置及其运行策略提供方法手段及技术参考。     

有毒有机物影响DNA酶解和抗生素抗性基因横向迁移

进入环境中的有毒有机物种类较多、分布广泛。大量生命遗传物质DNA与有毒有机物共存于污染环境中,由于抗生素滥用,一些DNA上携带着抗生素抗性基因(ARGs);有毒有机物和ARGs复合污染严重危害着生态安全和人群健康。有毒有机物如何影响DNA酶解和ARGs迁移,这已成为环境领域研究的热点之一,近些年来,该领域研究取得一些重要进展。有毒有机物可通过共价作用、非共价作用、剪切作用与DNA结合,进而改变DNA分子结构、影响DNA酶解;有毒有机物也可通过改变DNA降解酶活性或占据DNA上降解酶的酶切位点,进而影响DNA酶解过程。环境中ARGs横向迁移主要有接合、转导、转化三种方式,有毒有机物影响ARGs横向迁移的机制主要包括:有毒有机物调控可动遗传因子、引起细胞SOS反应、胁迫细胞形成自然感受态、影响生物膜形成、改变细胞膜通透性、与胞外质粒形成加合物。进入细胞后的有毒有机物如何作用于ARGs的复制和表达,这应是未来深化有毒有机物影响ARGs横向迁移机制的一个关键所在。     

Expression of iron regulatory proteins in full-term swine placenta

In swine, even though the pregnant sows were with iron abundance, the inborn iron reserve of piglets was compromised. This indicates the insufficiency of molecular machinery involved in local placental iron flux. Here, we investigated the expression of iron regulatory proteins like hepcidin and ferroportin and also their association with iron reserve, inflammation and oxidative stress in placenta of full-term pregnant sows (n = 6). Amplification and sequencing of placental DNA confirmed the presence of hepcidin (MN579557) and ferroportin (MN565887) sequences and their 100% identity with existing GenBank data. Real-time amplification of placental mRNA revealed significant higher expression of hepcidin (p < .05) than ferroportin. Western blot analysis of placental tissues revealed specific bands for both hepcidin (~8 kDa) and ferroportin (~62 kDa) molecules. Immunohistochemistry revealed the immunoreactivity for both proteins in the cytoplasm and membrane of trophoblastic cells of the placenta. Hepcidin and ferroportin expressions were positively associated with placental non-haem iron reserve (p < .0001; p = .033), lipid peroxidation (p = .0060; p < .0001) and reactive oxygen species level (p = .0092; p = .0292). Hepcidin expression was positively associated with interleukin – 6 (p = .0002) and interferon gamma (p < .0001) expressions but ferroportin expression was negatively associated with interleukin-6 (p = .0005), interleukin-1β (p = .0226) and interferon gamma (p = .0059) expressions. This indicates hepcidin and ferroportin may have a role in controlling the local placental iron flux by acting as a molecular bridge between iron trafficking and inflammation.     

Direct Detection of Target Genes in Viable Bacteria and Extracellular DNA Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay

When the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay is used for detecting target genes, DNA extraction is unnecessary in many cases. Simple pretreatment (e.g. heating) is enough to obtain rather sensitive responses. Even test samples without any pretreatment can be used as template. This feature suggests that LAMP is superior to PCR in developing point-of-care test strategies. In this study, using Stx1 gene from E. coli as model, we verified that viable cells, dead cells and extracellular DNA could function as template in the LAMP assay. In the incubation at 63℃, viable bacteria in the LAMP reaction mixture lysed completely within 2 min, providing DNA template for nucleic acid amplification. The Stx1 gene in diluted culture medium, spiked tap water, spiked seawater and real seawater all could be detected, with or without the step of DNA extraction. We found that the complex substances in real sample (e.g. natural seawater) exhibited considerable inhibitory effect on the sensitivity of the LAMP assay. These outcomes are meaningful for building a point-of-care strategy by employing the LAMP assay for environmental monitoring, bio-resource surveys, food safety, etc. in particular those based on environmental DNA.     

Morphological study of the lingual papillae in the fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus) by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy

This study was carried on the tongues of ten normal, healthy and adult fruit bats (Rousettus amplexicaudatus, also known as the nyap biasa bat) in Yogyakarta, Java Island, Indonesia. The tongue was protrusible, elongated and flat with a rounded apex, and its width and thickness increased gradually towards to lingual root. There were two main types of lingual papillae, mechanical (filiform) and gustatory (fungiform and circumvallate). The tongue was divided into three parts (apex, corpus and radix), and then, each part was subdivided into three regions (two lateral regions and a median region). There were six subtypes of the filiform papillae—three types on the anterior part (small, scale-like and giant), one type on the middle part (leaf-like papillae) and two types on the posterior part (rosette-shaped filiform and conical filiform papillae)—in addition to transitional papillae presented on the corpus and radix. Two types of gustatory papillae were represented by a small number of fungiform papillae that are scattered among the filiform papillae on the lingual apex and corpus, while three circumvallate papillae on the posterior part are arranged in a “V” shape pointing directly at the larynx.     

Effect of curdlan on the quality of frozen-cooked noodles during frozen storage

Frozen-cooked noodles (FCN) and its components undergo quality changes during frozen storage, such as reduced textural and cooking qualities, weakened gluten network, and damaged starch properties; thus, storage condition is a critical factor affecting the final quality of FCN. In this study, in view of the thermoirreversible high-strength gel property (at ≥ 80 °C) of curdlan, strong hydrophilicity, and freeze-thawed stability of high-strength gel prepared from curdlan powder, the effect of curdlan on the quality of FCN during frozen storage was first evaluated. The results showed that curdlan was effective in reducing cooking loss, enhancing water absorption, and improving textural properties of FCN; the improving effect presented a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the amount of increasing curdlan (0.1%–0.9%); and the addition of 0.5% curdlan was most effective in improving the quality of FCN. Thermal gravimetric analysis indicated that curdlan enhanced thermal stability of FCN, implying curdlan could strengthen the gluten network. Meanwhile, structural observations revealed that, during frozen storage, FCN with added curdlan exhibited a more continuous and compact gluten network accompanied with more uniform and smaller ice crystals. Thus, curdlan is desirable to be used as a novel gum in FCN to provide specific functionality and minimize the negative effect of frozen storage. This study provides new insights into the quality improvement of FCN and further expands the application potential of curdlan in food industry.